Hello, my name is Elena. I am 36 years-old and suffer from borderline personality disorder (BPD) and chronic anxiety and depression. I have no idea for how long I have had BPD, I can only say that I was officially diagnosed about three and a half years ago. As for the chronic anxiety and depression, I can say that I started having anxiety when I was 16 and that it didn’t take long for depression to arrive. In this blog, I will talk about my BPD in greater detail, but if anyone would like to know more about me, both personally or professionally, you are welcome to access my website.
Here is the most relevant information about BPD, a disorder unfortunately very unfamiliar to the general public, but nonetheless quite serious:
What is borderline personality disorder?
Borderline personality disorder is a serious mental illness characterized by unstable moods, behavior, and relationships.
Most people with borderline personality disorder have:
- Problems regulating emotions and thoughts
- Impulsive and reckless behavior
- Unstable relationships with others
People with this disorder also have a high rate of co-occurring disorders such as depression, anxiety, substance abuse and eating disorders, as well as self-mutilating and suicidal behaviors, or suicide.
What are the symptoms of BPD?
While I have mentioned what appear to be some of its symptoms, I should point out that there are a number of diagnostic criteria that have been formally described in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), a classification system for the diagnosis of mental disorders that provides clear descriptions of diagnostic categories in order to enable clinicians and investigators to diagnose, communicate about, study, and treat people with various mental disorders.
I would like to draw your attention to an additional, very important consideration: the list below includes 9 criteria; however, to be diagnosed with BPD, at least 5 of the following criteriamust be met:
- Frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment
- A pattern of unstable and intense interpersonal relationships characterized by alternating between extremes of idealization and devaluation
- Identity disturbance: markedly and persistently unstable self-image or sense of self.
- Impulsivity in at least two areas that are potentially self-damaging (e.g. spending, sex, substance abuse, reckless driving, binge eating)
- Recurrent suicidal behavior, gestures, or threats, or self-mutilating behavior
- Affective instability due to a marked reactivity of mood (e.g. intense episodic dysphoria, irritability or anxiety usually lasting a few hours and only rarely more than a few days)
- Chronic feelings of emptiness
- Inappropriate, intense anger or difficulty controlling anger (e.g. frequent displays of temper, constant anger, recurrent physical fights)
- Transient, stress-related paranoid ideation or severe dissociative symptoms
What are the possible causes of BPD?
Broadly speaking, there are 2 interrelated factors influencing personality development. These are:
- Environmental factors, meaning people’s life experiences, particularly early childhood experiences, and
- Biological factors, meaning people’s genetic make-up and temperament.
People’s genetics and their early life experiences interact in complex ways to influence the development of their personalities and, subsequently, their vulnerability to the development of personality disorders.
A large body of research and clinical observation supports the idea that childhood experiences play an important role in the development of personality traits and personality disorders.
Traumatic childhood experiences, such as physical, sexual, or emotional abuse and neglect, have been identified as risk factors that increase the likelihood a personality disorder may develop. Other adverse experiences in childhood may also heighten people’s risk for developing features of a personality disorder
The following dataare extracted fromthe Family Experiences in Childhood Scale (FECS, 2010):
- At home, we spoke about feelings openly.
- As a child, nobody noticed what was happening to me or how I was feeling.
- I felt very insecure when I was a child.
- At home,they were shouting all the time.
- At home, there were laughs and we enjoyed ourselves.
- There were so many things going on in my home, that I tried to be invisible.
- Since I was small, I felt that my concerns were relevant to other people.
- As much as I tried to do things right, it was never enough for my family.
- My parents were emotionally absent.
- One of my parents or the people that I lived with was a very violent person.
- I was reprimanded for almost anything.
- My family made me feel ridiculous when I expressed my thoughts or emotions.
- Adults told me their problems.
- I was frequentlycalled:useless, stupid, lazy or things like that.
- I was sexually abused.
There are attachment styles that I consider particularly worth mentioning since they may also influence the development of personality disorders:
- Secure.
- Insecure/avoidant.
- Insecure/anxious or ambivalent.
- Insecure/disorganized.
There is, therefore, a deregulation in adulthood as a result of the factors that influence the person from early childhood—as seen above—which translates into the following:
- If, as children, they have not learned to differentiate their own emotions from those of others, they will tend to continue doing the same as adults.
- People with attachment problems usually reach to conclusions about what others think and feel based on their own emotional state by repeating what they have learned (they respond just as their parents did when they were the kids).
- A person with insecure or disorganized attachment usually has difficultiesconfronting problems effectively and tends to resort to impulsive action.
This is not the only problem; children who suffer any type of abuse tend to internalize the messages based on how they were treated. For example, if individualsare punished for expressing or feeling a certain emotion, they will tend to do the same when they are adults. There are also the typical things that many children have to listen to which are, as adults, believed to be true only because someone told them repeatedly to them as children:
- You are useless.
- No one cares about you.
- You are a failure.
- You should have not been born; you are better off dead.
- You cannot trust anyone; they will all hurt you.
- No one will love you if they know youfor real.
- You are good for nothing.
Is there any comorbidity of BPD with other disorders?
First, let’s define what comorbidity is for those who do not have a clear idea. Comorbidity is the presence of one or more clinically diagnosed diseases or disordersco-occurring with a primarydisease (borderline personality disorder, in this case).
Disorders, conditions orbehaviors that commonly coexist with BPD are:
- Substance abuse.
- Mood disorders: bipolar I and bipolar II disorder, major depressive disorder, and dysthymic disorder.
- Eating disorders.
- Impulse control disorders: kleptomania, pyromania, compulsive buying, recurrent self-mutilating behavior, pathological gambling, onychophagia (nail biting), and trichotillomania (pulling out one’s own body hair).
- ADHD
- Psychosis.
- Anxiety disorders: posttraumatic stress disorder, learning disabilities, social phobia, specific phobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, agoraphobia, and generalized anxiety disorder.
- Somatoform disorders.
- Dissociative disorders.
- Other personality disorders: histrionic, narcissistic, antisocial, schizotypal, schizoid, paranoid, dependent, obsessive, and avoidant.
- Suicide.
As you can see, borderline personality disorder is a very complex disorder that can co-occur with other disorders or can get confused with them, hence it is very important to assess patients’ symptoms fully to get an accurate diagnosis.
What treatments have been available so far to treat BPD?
Although borderline personality disorderhas only been an official diagnosable disorder for the past 40 years, thanks to advances in medical and psychological research, today we have a wide variety of therapies that are very effective. All of them are equally effective, each with its own—but nonetheless valid—approach.
The following are different approaches to the treatment of BPD:
- Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
- Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)
- Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)
- Mindfulness
My personal experience
Professionals (e.g., psychologists or psychiatrists) don’t usually like labels but when you’re suffering from a variety of symptoms (which I’ll explain below in more detail), I can assure you, knowing that what’s happening to you has a name is very helpful and a huge relief. While this won’t cure you, I’m not surehow to explain it, but it’s like having a weight taken off your shoulders.
As mentioned earlier, there are nine diagnostic criteria and, of those, only a minimum of five need to be present for a diagnosis of BPD to be made; I meet almost all the criteria for BPD which means that I live a hell of a life. In addition, I am diagnosed withchronic anxiety and depression.
In the first place, all the risk factors that increase the likelihood of developing BPD from childhood have been there. The adverse experiences, the comments I received for saying something I thought, felt or did: I have experienced all of this firsthand. It’s the result of having had a dysfunctional family.
As for the nine BPD diagnostic criteria listed above, this is what I can say about myself: self-cutting and suicide attempts; binge eating, compulsive shopping, and reckless driving; feelings of emptiness; extreme mood swings—one day I adore you, but if you do or say anything that I don’t think is right or appropriate, I then hate you. Intense and unstable interpersonal relationships. I don’t socialize, I don’t have friends, I don’t go out. And, of course, real or imagined abandonment, which for me is real without a doubt, hence my bad interpersonal relationships or the sudden hatred towards people (although it is not exactly hatred, it is pain. This is very complicated to explain. I can’t get past my anger, which remains with me permanently.
If I meet someone, something I always do through social media, I end up taking them out of my life because of my behavior, by treating them poorly.
Time to talk about my childhood. Yes, I admit it, my childhood has been totally dysfunctional. My father was an alcoholic and an abuser. Apart from being afraid of him, I felt abandoned by him. He wouldn’t let me have friends, go out or have any kind of relationship with girls my age. My mother didn’t care either and I also felt abandoned by her. I have had all the risk factors that increase the likelihood of developing BPD from childhood. The ones I loved the most and who were always there for me were my brother and my grandparents. Today, there is no one left anymore, not even my brother.
At this moment, I am all alone.Though I must live with my mother, I am totally indifferent to her (am I a bad daughter for it?) and we barely have a relationship.I cannot even express with words what this feels like.
Anxiety, which is chronic, lives with me permanently. Does anyone have any idea what it’s like to live with anxiety 24 hours a day, 365 days a year for 20 years?
The medication, I suppose, works. I imagine I’d be worse off if I didn’t take it. My issue is that I talk to my psychiatrist and he doesn’t understand me. I talk to a private psychologist and I always get angry because I also feel that she doesn’t get me. The problem is that they think—well, my psychologist thinks—that, by doing this and that, the anxiety and the rest of the symptoms will be appeasedfor it is known that BPD has no cure but it is possible to diminish the symptoms and have a totally normal life. I can see that can happen for people with “normal” BPD, however, what my psychologist doesn’t get is that, for so many years, I’ve been in so much pain, feeling so much fear, so much anxiety, so much resentment and so much of everything that sometimes I think I’m a hopeless case.
To conclude, all I can say is that my life, ever since I can remember, has been hell. If I think back to my childhood, I only remember physical and psychological abuse, fear and abandonment; as I grew older, I can think of more abuse, more fear and more abandonment, along with attachment issues. Of my teenage years, I can recall anxiety, attachment issues, and abandonment. Until the age of 22, I dealt with disturbances in attachment, anxiety, pain, and anger (towards others and myself). That anger began as a child and has grown with me. Today, it continues to be with me and I doubt it will ever go away. The rest of my adulthood, I recall abandonment, pain, anger and, of course, anxiety, which began at age 16 as I have already mentioned.
This is my life.
